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purchase custom The Effects of the Media on Students paper MTV has made it feasible for kids to tune in to in excess of ten thousand hours of exciting music. This is heightened as the kids spent endless hours looking at MTV. Our media has uncovered kids and young people to erotic pictures just as brutal scenes. Such impact is what is driving understudies to participate in brutality exercises since that is the data that they devour day by day and that is essentially what they invest the majority of their energy thinking about. Youngsters tend to try what they have watched others doing and that is the explanation this training gets its way in secondary schools and universities. Our reality has become a terrifying planet on account of the extraordinary presentation to viciousness. Everybody has partaken in obliterating the guiltlessness of our kids who are understudies in this schools where savagery, shooting and harassing is the thing to take care of. One of the conditions which bestow savagery in understudies is the media. Its very evident that what is in the core of an individual is the thing that comes out and whatever one thinks about is the thing that they will wind up doing. For these explanation the psyches of the youngsters are overpowered with brutal scenes and in light of the fact that what is in the heart is the thing that approaches that is the explanation they are dynamic members of viciousness at schools. In spite of the fact that the media individuals deny that this isnot a definitive truth then the inquiry remains where do our youngsters take in viciousness from? Perhaps the hardest the truth is that the communicate is intended to influence the lives of individuals hence their no chance they can say that what they air has a little impact in th e savagery being seen at our schools (Elliott, Hamburg Williams 1998). The media influences our public activities and the viciousness that is being communicated on the TV confers our family and society to a huge expand. Viciousness is one of the basic parts of the motion pictures that are shot. Its the duty of everybody to take a stab at decreasing the savagery that we find in our general public. Basing on the measures of brutality that youngsters are presented to its extremely simple to anticipate the conduct that follows. It ought not be a stun to numerous that our schools have become savagery grounds since that is the main spot where understudies can put to rehearse what they have seen on the TV. Somewhere in the range of two noticeable specialists connected the brutality and animosity in understudies to the media. Logical examination that has been as of late done show that the unnecessary savagery on the TV has discovered it approaches to the road. An investigation that was carried on kids for around five years demonstrated that animosity and savagery in youngsters with their folks or at school is identified with the brutality the kids watch on the TV. Further investigations that were directed with various therapists showed that the TV propensities that youngsters obtain at age eight impact their conduct through youth just as immature. Along these lines, the more savage scenes that kids incline toward at grade three the more forceful their conduct become. Therefore therapist inferred that the impacts of the media on kids is collective. Twenty years down the line after the examination that was done the pattern despite everything takes course (Benbenishty Astor, 2005). Its apparent through the exploration that has been led that kids who watch rough scenes at age eight are bound to participate in brutal activities at their later age or even partake in youngster maltreatment before age thirty. Thusly its critical to comprehend that over the top introduction to broadcast brutality is the fundamental driver of the viciousness in our general public. Its clear that savagery that is disclosed on the TV influences the adolescents be it young ladies or young men at whatever knowledge and financial level. The faculties of youths and young people are ambushed by the pictures they watch on MTV. Hence its significant for something to be done so as to diminish the savagery in our media before our general public looses its ability to know east from west as the youngsters partake in viciousness or fall survivors of brutality at our learning foundations. Purchase custom The Effects of the Media on Students article

Business Marketing Channels Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Business Marketing Channels - Essay Example Consequently, a business showcasing channel can be depicted as a gathering of related organizations cooperating directly from the item or administration source to the endpoint †for this situation the purchaser †with the point of conveying the administrations or items. From this definition, it is noticed that a business promoting channel doesn't include one business yet a gathering of associated organizations. Reliant implies that the organizations included depend on different individuals to work and that one part alone isn't sufficient to characterize a business advertising channel. This association is a major element of a business promoting channel, where all organizations cooperate to guarantee that their items and administrations are conveyed at the correct time and to the ideal spot (Rosenbloom, 2011). It is apparent that a business showcasing channel is a procedure that sets aside some effort to finish. In any event, when the procedure is finished, an association is de veloped between the business and the shopper. Two inquiries emerge: 1) Why do organizations use business showcasing channels? , and 2) What jobs do they perform? This paper looks to respond to these inquiries through clarifications and portrayals that relate to business promoting channels. Organizations for the most part team up with wholesalers. At the point when an organization creates an item or administration, the organization needs to discover intends to convey either to the shopper. It is thus that organizations use promoting channels. Organizations need to decide the most suitable advertising channel. By utilizing promoting channels, organizations can acquire all the more showcasing open doors as the item or administration is executed along the advertising channel. On numerous events organizations utilize wholesalers (McDonalds and Wilson, 2011). A wholesaler can be another organization that spends significant time in purchasing from the source organization in huge amounts and offering to other people, in

To RFID or not to RFID

To RFID or not to RFID So I just happened to come across two articles this week related to MIT, both involving RFID technology (for those who arent that tech savvy (like me), heres the wikipedia article on RFID). One of which is from the San Jose Mercury News Printed Chips Could be Boon for Consumers where they talk about some new technology thats being developed by a company called Kovio, which apparently was founded by MIT alum Colin Bulthaup in 2001, the year he graduated from MIT with a Bachelors and Masters of Engineering in EECS. (Actually, it looks like since then, Colins done way more than that) Pretty amazing stuff. Meanwhile, one of my college friends sent me this article from Technology Review about the 2009 Young (under 35) Innovator of the Year. Its my former GRT! ZOMG! (For those that dont know, GRT stands for Graduate Resident Tutor; theyre basically grad students at MIT who serve as your floor or halls resident advisor.) Hes actually doing some pretty cool work on the security of RFID. You should read the article, because it does a much better job of explaining what he does than I can. Anyways, enjoy. Hope yall are enjoying (at least whats left ofor maybe whats not left of by this point) the summer!

Goal Setting Has Been A Hot Topic Of Debate With Regards

Goal setting has been a hot topic of debate with regards to sports and exercises environment as well as organisation settings, numerous theories have been adapted with the aim to understand and explain how goal setting can be measured and ultimately help and improve people in sports and exercise environments. Understanding goal setting in current research has produced positive results, one can define goal setting as a systematic approach to achieving the desired result. Goal setting incorporates in various degree the desire to achieve an objective whether it’s for personal gain, because it makes them feel good or because there is a purpose. It is human nature to want to do well when a challenge presents itself, it’s an innate†¦show more content†¦self-motivated and also has shown to have high self-efficacy (Sari, 2015); whilst ego oriented individuals though still can share similarities with the task orientated individuals they predominantly focus their success based on comparison of other similar athletes and measure their success based on winning or losing. These athletes are extrinsically motivated i.e. are motivated by external factors. (Van de Pol Kavussanu, 2011); (Weinberg, 1994). However, per Sari, (2015) it contributes towards negative self-efficacy. In their findings, Van de Pol Kavussanu, (2011) it showed several dimensions to goal setting. The athletes used a series of psychological motivators such as goal setting, self-talk and attentional control (concentration), it was shown that athletes that were higher task orientated and lower ego used self-talk and goal settings in both training and competition, as well as attentional control far more than high ego/low task, focused athletes, it also showed that concentration was positively related to task orientated individuals. Task orientation has been shown to be positively correlated to perceived improvements and performance, consequently, ego orientated individuals were shown not toShow MoreRelatedCurriculum : A Matter Of Perspectives Essay2200 Words   |  9 Pagesunderstood as a policy with overt leaning outcomes for teachers to apply and achieve. Ornstein and Hunkins (1998), as cited by Selvaraj (2010), defined curriculum based on two lenses; micro and macro, which identify the term as both policy towards certain goals and what students experience with consideration for relevant theories and principles central to its development and implementation. However, Wilson (n.d.) argued that curriculum is not restricted to certain individuals, subjects and environments, sinceRead More The Economic Factors Involved with the Ri sing Price of Gasoline2554 Words   |  11 PagesThe Economic Factors Involved with the Rising Price of Gasoline The year 2004 has seen a steady climb in the price of gasoline. From January of 2004 to May of 2004 there has been a jump of approximately .50 cents a gallon (Energy Information Administration). For many Americans high gas prices have been a hot issue with them, and there seems to be no rhyme or reason to these fluctuations. With the continued popularity of the sport-utility vehicle and the high volume Read MoreFactors and Forces Affecting Ehr System Adoption: Report of a 2004 Acmi Discussion4825 Words   |  20 Pagesthe inpatient and outpatient setting, but the differences represent variations in the strength of the forces rather than the type. Adoption rates are low in both settings, except for speciï ¬ c sectors. Furthermore, diffusion rates appear to be low. We explore the reasons for this in depth, and present possible strategies for decreasing the inhibiting factors and strengthening the facilitating forces. Adoption Several studies of EHR adoption in the inpatient setting describe rates less than 10%1-3Read MoreLiterature Review on Business Ethics6430 Words   |  26 Pagesbusiness ethics and their relation to leadership, managerial decision making, corporate social responsibility and overall corporate structure. Increased corporate scandals and the discovery of a rise in unethical business practices have thrown the topic of business ethics into the spotlight. Organizations are expected by their stakeholders to implement strong ethics within their corporate structure and culture. This expectation could be accomplished through strong ethical leadership, formal structuresRead MoreRyanair Case Study6132 Words   |  25 Pagescourse of action 16 Conclusion 16 Appendices 16 Introduction Ryanair has become a strong player within the European aviation through its constant focus on low cost in regard to other airline competitors. Ryanair has remained loyal towards its concept of providing low price flying tickets to its customers with a very basic service during the flight duration. Keeping to their values has made Ryanair as successful as it has become today after initiating aviation service in 1985 through the Ryan brothersRead MoreThe Use of Literature in Teaching English as a Foreign Language6056 Words   |  25 Pagesof authentic texts of the language curriculum rather than an ultimate aim of English instruction has been gaining a momentum. Among language educators, there has been a hot debate as how, when, where and why literature should be incorporated in ESL / EFL curriculum. Vigorous discussions of how literature and ESL / EFL instruction can work together and interact for the benefit of students and teachers has led to the flourishment of interesting ideas, learning, and as an interesting and worthy concernRead MoreLove, Sex and Gender in the World Religions Essay4945 Words   |  20 PagesConstitution on The Relationship of the Church to Non-Christian Religions. In Nostre Aetate the worlds largest organized religious tradition, which has one billion adherents today and represents fully half of world Christendom, declared that all peoples comprise a single community and that From ancient times down to the present, there has existed among diverse peoples a certain perception of that hidden power which hovers over the course of things and over the events of human life Â… suchRead MoreEssay about Media Bias and Concentration3948 Words   |  16 Pagesdone by both parties in effort to inform the public and reach as many voters as possible, one question still remains poignant: Where do we get our information? The myriad landscape that is the media today, can be accessed from almost anywhere, and has, in many ways, entrenched itself in American culture, replacing what used to be standard outlets of information. Television and print news have long dominated the average American household in terms of being used to access information, but new outletsRead MoreA Project on Industrial Relations and Labour Welfare16776 Words   |  68 Pagesqualitative human resource development corporate social responsibilities and cultures, and regional development alliances. Innovative interactions of all – national and regional – stakeholders and extended development coalitions are vital for achieving the goal set by the Lisbon European Council – to become the most competitive and dynamic knowledge-based economy in the world by 2010, capable of sustainable economic growth with more and better jobs and with greater social cohesion. Within the economic andRead MoreA Case Study of Online Social Networking at Workplaces in Ghana9658 Words   |  39 Pagesproject work is my own work towards the fulfillment of the requirements of Bachelor Science in Management with computing degree and that to the best of my knowledge, it contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree of the University, except where due acknowledgement has been made in the text. Kwabena Adom Asiedu (2760206) (Student name and ID) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Signature †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Date Certified by: MR ERIC HAYFRON (Supervisor) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Signature †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Date 3

Human Resources Management in Modem Private Enterprises Free Essay Example, 2250 words

A broad analysis of the predicaments that the private enterprises find themselves in, with respect to their human resource management, has been provided in the paper. It has been found that once the management deficiencies of the private enterprises get exposed, they cannot help in running the business efficiently. Several aspects reflect such deficiencies. Sometimes an enterprise expands rapidly and disproportionately to the management officials capacity. In such cases or due to various other reasons, the proper cohesion within the staffs decline. The contradiction arises between the short-term goal meeting policies and the necessity to make rational choices for the long-term benefit of the enterprise. All these facts bring into the limelight the question of management of human resources within an enterprise. In the private enterprises of China, the understanding of the management of human resources remains restricted to the level of managing the general affairs in the company. Th e officials lack a deep understanding of human resources management and normally perform their duties by organizing and coordinating the affairs of the organization. They generally take things as the central object of importance and expect people to adapt to them. We will write a custom essay sample on Human Resources Management in Modem Private Enterprises or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page When they develop over a period of time, they still remain a domestic workshop (Zhao, Yuan Guo, 2011, p. 233) in areas of policy-making. According to a survey, about 90% of the financial management of these enterprises is controlled by family members. 40% of the senior managers come from the family members or their friends (Zhao, Yuan Guo, 2011, p. 233).

Eating and Ans Free Essays

Business Cards Q. 1 : What colour ink is best for business cards in China? Ans: Gold. Q2: Business cards are always reciprocated in the USA? Ans: False. We will write a custom essay sample on Eating and Ans or any similar topic only for you Order Now Q3: Which of these should not be done with a South Korean’s card? Ans: Writing on it. Q4: Which of these is most important on business cards in Germany? Ans: Qualification. Q5: You should accept cards in Japan with_______? Ans: Both hands. Q6: In the Philippines who would give the business card first? Ans: Visitor. Q7: What language should you ideally translate your business card into if going to Taiwan?Ans: Cantonese. Q8: In Srilanka which hand should you not use to pass the business card? Ans: Left. Q9: When meeting a group of people in Venezuela you should give your card to? Ans: Everyone. Q10: Exchanging business cards is very ceremonious in UK? Ans: False. Dinning Etiquette. Q11: Who prays for a meal in France? Ans: Host. Q12: Jews are forbidden from eating which of these? Ans: Lobster. Q13: In Belgium how many times should you raise your glass when toasting? Ans: Twice. Q14: In the Middle East which of these should you avoid when eating?Ans: Using left hand. Q15: In the South Korea it is considered polite to? Ans: Refuse offers of more food at least three times. Q16: In India one should never offer some one food from their plates? Ans: True. Q17: Dropping your chopstick in China is considered as bad luck? Ans: True. Q18: In Belarus what is the most popular drink at a business gathering? Ans: Vodka. Q19: In Bolivia banana should be eaten with a knife and fork? Ans: True. Q20: At a dinner in Hong Kong where will the guest of honor be seated? Ans: Opposite the host. Cross Culture Awareness Q21: Japanese often send money to bereaved friends as an expression of sympathy? Ans: True. Q22: Americans and Georgians belong to the same language group? Ans: False. Q23: Shaking hands with women is acceptable in Indonesia? Ans : True. Q24: Number 4 is considered lucky in Japan? Ans: False. Q25: Eating with left hand is taboo in Saudi-Arabia? Ans: True. Q26: Brazilians usually wear black shoes in office? Ans: False. Q27: Japanese and Chinese can read each other’s newspaper? Ans: False. Q28: White flowers in Japan are given at funeral? Ans: True. Q29: Mexicans are supposed to keep their hands on the table during a meal? Ans: True. Q30: In Britain you tip your plate from you when eating soup? Ans: True. Q31: Spaniards like to maintain eye contact during conversation? Ans: True. Q32: Arabs expect gifts to be opened in front of the giver? Ans: False. Q33: Japanese unlike Chinese do not mind losing face? Ans: False. Q34: Germans like dead lines? Ans: Ture. Q35: Muslims can eat kosher meat? Ans: True. How to cite Eating and Ans, Papers

Simple Diffusion on Cell Transport Mechanisms and Permeability free essay sample

Cell Transport Mechanisms and Permeability: Activity 4: Simulating Filtration Lab Report Pre-lab Quiz Results You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly. 1. Filtration is a process that You correctly answered: c. is passive. 2. Filtration is dependent upon a You correctly answered: b. hydrostatic pressure gradient. 3. The filtrate You correctly answered: d. All of these answers are correct. An important place that filtration takes place in the body is in You correctly answered: d. the kidneys. 10/04/12 page 1 Experiment Results Predict Question: Predict Question 1: What effect will increasing the pore size of the filter have on the filtration rate? Your answer : c. The filtration rate will increase. Predict Question 2: What will happen if you increase the pressure above the beaker (the driving pressure)? Your answer : a. The filtration rate will increase. Stop Think Questions: The reason none of the solutes were present in the filtrate was that You correctly answered: b. the solutes were all too large to pass through. We will write a custom essay sample on Simple Diffusion on Cell Transport Mechanisms and Permeability or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page After filtration, substances that pass through the filter are called the filtrate, which includes You correctly answered: d. ll of the above. 2. The top beaker in the simulation corresponds to Your answer: d. the kidney tubule. Correct answer: a. the blood capillary. 3. Why was there not 100% recovery of the Na+ Cl- solute with any of the membranes? You correctly answered: c. Some of the solute remained on the membrane filter. 4. An increase in blood pressure would probably initially filtration in the kidneys. You correctly answered: b. increase the rate of 010/04/12 page 3 Review Sheet Results 1. Explain in your own words why increasing the pore size increased the filtration rate. Use an analogy to support your statement. How well did the results compare with your prediction? Your answer: it made for a bigger space for the items to pass through 2. Which solute did not appear in the filtrate using any of the membranes? Explain why. Your answer: powdered charcoil. it;s too large 3. Your answer: it made for a bigger space for the items to pass through 2. Which solute did not appear in the filtrate using any of the membranes? Explain why. Your answer: powdered charcoil. it;s too large 3 Why did increasing the pressure increase the filtration rate but not the concentration of solutes? How well did the results compare with your prediction? Your answer: the pressure forced the solutes through, it did not change what went through. References Widdas, W. F. Transport mechanisms in the foetus. British medical bulletin 17.2 (1961): 107-111. Camenisch, Gian, et al. Estimation of permeability by passive diffusion through Caco-2 cell monolayers using the drugs lipophilicity and molecular weight. European journal of pharmaceutical sciences 6.4 (1998): 313-319. Stevens, Bruce R., Jonathan D. Kaunitz, and Ernest M. Wright. Intestinal transport of amino acids and sugars: advances using membrane vesicles. Annual Review of Physiology 46.1 (1984): 417-433. Stevens, Bruce R., Jonathan D. Kaunitz, and Ernest M. Wright. Intestinal transport of amino acids and sugars: advances using membrane vesicles. Annual Review of Physiology 46.1 (1984): 417-433. Park, C. R., et al. The action of insulin on the transport of glucose through the cell membrane. The American journal of medicine 26.5 (1959): 674-684. Gjedde, Albert. High†and low†affinity transport of D†glucose from blood to brain. Journal of neurochemistry 36.4 (1981): 1463-1471. Gerbeau, Patricia, et al. Aquaporin Nt†TIPa can account for the high permeability of tobacco cell vacuolar membrane to small neutral solutes. The Plant Journal 18.6 (1999): 577-587. Passow, Hermann. Molecular aspects of band 3 protein-mediated anion transport across the red blood cell membrane. Reviews of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Volume 103. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. 61-203.

Reasons Why People Play Chess an Example by

Reasons Why People Play Chess Chess is a game widely played everywhere: schools, parks, and even over the Internet. The game continues to be one of popular hobbies of both the old generation and young generation. The challenge and excitement make up the fun aspect of chess especially when players think their moves thoroughly. Each move of the chess pieces critically spells either victory or defeat between the players. Need essay sample on "Reasons Why People Play Chess" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Players of chess often find several reasons why they love to play the game. First is the aspect of convenience. Chess is fairly easy to play just about anywhere. For a few dollars, you can purchase a mini-chess set that fits your pocket. You also have an option to play chess online against one of the many computer programs found in the market. Next is that chess is a fair game. The absence of dice allows a good play without the possibility of a bad roll that ruin your turn. All it matters is how excellent you play. Third, chess can be learned how to play as good as anybody else. Additionally, chess can be played no matter how young or old you and how petite or tall you are. Lastly, chess is an intellectually exciting game. You won't be bored with the game when there is more strategy to learn how to play better. Thus, it enables players to think more analytically resulting to an improved concentration and development of memory. In fact, numerous studies, such as by Riefner (1992), have proven that children achieved a higher reading level, math level and a greater learning ability as a consequence of playing chess. Work Cited Philip Rifner, ``Playing Chess: A Study of Problem-Solving Skills in Students with Average and Above Average Intelligence,'' doctoral dissertation, 1992.

The Great Sphinx of the Giza Plateau

The Great Sphinx of the Giza Plateau Free Online Research Papers On the Giza plateau stands the one and only great sphinx. The Sphinx was carved from the bedrock of the Giza plateau, the Sphinx is a mysterious marvel from the days of ancient Egypt. With the body of a lion and the head of a king or god, the sphinx has come to symbolize strength and wisdom. From the north side of the Sphinx reveals the proportion of the body to the head. It would appear as though the head is small in proportion to the body. Because of the changing desert terrain, the body of the Sphinx has been buried over the past several thousand years. Most recently in 1905, the sand has been cleared away to expose the magnitude and beauty of the entirety of the Sphinx. The paws themselves are 50 feet long while the entire length is 150 feet. The head is 30 feet long and 14 feet wide. Because certain layers of the stone are softer than others, there is a high degree of erosion that has claimed the original detail of the carved figure. Although the head of the Sphinx is badly broken in some places, traces of the original paint can still be seen near one ear. Originally it is believed that the Sphinx was painted and was quite colorful. Since then, the nose and beard have been broken away. The nose was the unfortunate victim of target practice by the Turks in the Turkish period. It is often erroneously assumed that the nose was shot off by Napoleons men, but 18th century drawings reveal that the nose was missing long before Napoleons arrival. In between the paws of the Sphinx is a stela, now called the Dream Stela, which is inscribed with a story. The 18th Dynasty story tells of the time that Thutmosis IV fell asleep under the Sphinx which was covered to the neck in sand. Thutmosis had a dream that the Sphinx spoke to him and promised that if he would free the Sphinx from the sand, Thutmosis would be destined to become king of Egypt. During the 18th Dynasty, Thutmosis IV probably did clear the Sphinx at that time. But it is more likely that the story about the dream was created for a ancient propaganda story to help prove the legitimacy of the king. This type of story could support the validity of a kingship, asserting and assuring the power of the pharaoh as designated by the gods, or in this case, the Sphinx itself. About 12500 years ago the great sphinx was built carved right from the bedrock of the Giza plateau. Built with the head of a pharaoh and the body of a lion its meant to show power strength and wisdom, but it was destroyed in the 18th century by napoleons men but still stands to this very day because of its authority and stability. associatedcontent.com/article/19568/a_history_of_the_great_sphinx_of_giza.html. Research Papers on The Great Sphinx of the Giza PlateauCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionMind TravelThe Spring and AutumnThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsThe Hockey GameTrailblazing by Eric AndersonBringing Democracy to AfricaHip-Hop is ArtEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenHonest Iagos Truth through Deception

Commentary on quotations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Commentary on quotations - Essay Example Unfortunately, greed and ambition got the better of the European colonizers treating Indians, along with other â€Å"inferior† races as indentured servants. The process of colonization was necessary to give the ideas freedom, prosperity, and identity a potent reality in America as a civilization of peoples evolved. Immigration of new settlers coming from various parts of the world and migration to the west enabled cultural interactions which resulted to the conscious awareness of cultural differences. As history begins to unfold, the definition between savagery and civilization has become clear. As people of different backgrounds emerged, their motives which were easily characterized by their actions, defines what the word civilize truly means. "Twenty years ago, half our continent was an unknown land, and the Rocky Mountains were our pillars of Hercules. Five years hence, the Orient will be our next door neighbor. We shall hold the worlds granary, the worlds treasury, the worlds highway. But we shall have no West, no border, no Civilization, in line of battle, pressing back hostile savages, and conquering hostile nature.† (p.10) Richard White wrote about the frontier in American culture based on Frederick Jackson Turners academic paper entitled The Significance of the Frontier in American History. The quote is a reminiscence of the past and the prediction of what was to come in the future, seeing the how things have been going at present and for the last quarter of a century, the end of the frontier is very imminent. Immigrants have suppressed the pioneers, referred to as savages, so that the land could be theirs. As a civilization of peoples evolved, a strong, rich, and progressive America was born. Yet, being civilized ended on a superficial level because overcoming of mans hostile nature proved to be a never ending struggle. A speech by Captain Pipe, Hopocan, in 1781, a

Michelangelo's Last Judgement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Michelangelo's Last Judgement - Essay Example In this painting, judgment day is depicted and Christ is seen as a â€Å"stern judge of the world† (Kleiner, 2009, p.474). The literary sources from which this work of art drew its theme are supposed to be, the Bible, the Divine Comedy and also many folk and traditional stories about the judgment day (Barnes, 1998, p.1). It was Pope Paul III who invited Michelangelo from Florence to Rome and entrusted him with the creation of this painting, also deciding upon the topic of this painting (Paoletti and Radke, 2005, p.501). It was under the loving insistence of the Pope (who was busily reviving the strength of Catholicism in the backdrop of Protestant Reformation) that Michelangelo left his work in Florence and came to Rome. Hence it can be said that this painting embodied the Catholic idea of salvation (Dixon, n.d.). The painting shows all the just figures inside it as ascending to heaven and all the damned figures as being taken downward into the hell (Kleiner, 2009, p.474). The purpose of this painting as seen from the eyes of the Catholic Church of that era was to tackle the ideological spread of Protestantism (Williams, 2004, p.76). The Church was getting aware of the â€Å"power of art† and was trying to â€Å"exercise some kind of control over the production and consumption images† (Williams, 2004, p.76). In this painting, Michelangelo has â€Å"used some†¦intense colors† and had paid attention to undertake perfect detailing of all the human bodies that he has drawn (Paoletti and Radke, 2005, p.501). It is observed that â€Å"each hue is powerfully distinct, yet shot through with lights of other hues† (Dixon, n.d.). The ambience created by this painting is that of great tension and apprehension. This is in accordance with the theme of the painting, which is about the judgment day. The central figure if Jesus as is in all previous judgment day paintings. The raised right hand of Jesus in the painting is supposed to repr esent the canonical saying, â€Å"(He) wrathfully damns the guilty and banishes them from his presence into eternal fire† (cited by Dixon, n.d.). But some critics (Dixon, n.d.; Kleiner, 2009) have viewed the positioning of the hand as depicting uncertainty and ambiguity. The painting is reflective of Michelangelo’s concepts about the judgment, which has roots in Dante’s notions and also in the idea that â€Å"judgment is not a matter of God's action at all ... (and) judgment is a choice of the individual soul† (Dixon, n.d.). This might be the reason why many figures in the painting even as being drawn into hell, carry signs of some internal conflict on their faces rather than a fear of being punished. It is also argued that this is why Michelangelo has not given Christ a commanding posture and instead picturized him in an ambiguous body posture (Dixon, n.d.). Critics (Paoletti and Radke, 2005) have opined that the style in this painting is a developmental progression from his previous figural style and also is reflective of Hellenistic sculpting style (p.501). By visualizing Jesus in the appearance a Greek god, Michelangelo was breaking the convention on usual depictions of Christ. The skin held by St. Bartholomew (he was skinned alive) in the painting is supposed to have a face resembling Michelangelo himself, says some analysts (Kleiner, 2009, p.474). Another curious specialty of the painting has been its lack of â€Å"

The Decisive Role Of Humour In Advertising English Language Essay

The Decisive Role Of Humour In Advertising English Language Essay Humour plays a decisive role in our daily life and it is also a subject of interest of numerous disciplines such as linguistics, popular culture, psychology, mass communications, marketing and some others. The discussion of what humour is can be traced back to Aristotle and Plato. The complexity of this phenomenon has been an intrigue for many researches. Humor is a universal human activity found among all cultures and throughout all of recorded history (Alden, Hoyer, and Lee 1993). Humour is widely used in advertising as a form of communication in order to persuade customers to purchase products and services since it is generally believed among advertisers that making us laugh will encourage positive thoughts and feelings toward their products and brands and put us in a receptive mood for their sales messages (Beard 2008: 2). Cook said that advertising is always a handy and useful mirror if we want to reflect on the way we behave socially (Cook 1992:5). However, the use of humour in advertising remains very controversial as its presence in advertising can cause both positive and negative effects. Response to a humorous ad can be different as individuals have different sense of humour. Therefore humour is very individual and subjective but at the same time it is universal. According to Raskin responding to humor is part of human behavior, ability, or competence, other parts of which comprise such important social and psychological manifestations of Homo sapiens as language, morality, logic, faith, etc. Just as all of those, humor may be described as partly natural and partly acquired (Raskin 1985: 2). Throughout its history there were many attempts to define humour but none of the definitions accounts for all its possible types thus underlying its complexity. Humour can be broadly identified as a form of communication in which a created stimulus may act to provide pleasure for an audience (Gulas and Weinberger 2006: 95). Attardo states that linguists, psychologists, and anthropologists have taken humor to be an all-encompassing category, covering any event or object that elicits laughter, amuses, or is felt to be funny (Attardo 1994:4). It is very important to distinguish between humour and laughter as humour has been often identified with laughter  [1]  which seems to be wrong as humour a mental phenomenon while laughter is rather a neurophysiological reaction to it. 1.2 Aim and scope The objective of this thesis is to contribute to further understanding of one of the numerous strategies employed by advertisers, namely humour. However, this thesis does not set out to provide a theoretical framework for humour in spite of the fact that the following chapters make frequent reference to the academic and scientific literature. The overall aim of the study is not only to provide a better understanding of humour in print advertising and give an insight into different linguistic theories of humour as well as its different types but also to describe different linguistic features which advertisers use to incorporate humour and illustrate this by means of empirical material gathered from a variety of sources. Under this point humour will be divided into two groups: pun-based humour and non-pun humour. We deal with pun humour when the advertiser uses elements of language to create new meanings that result in humour. My supposition is that this is the type of humour which mos t often occurs in print advertising. In this regard such linguistic devices will be described as polysemy, homonymy, idiomatic expressions, neologisms and nonce formations, and antonyms. However this would be just mere identification of a certain type of humour in advertising and its enabling factors. Therefore the extent of the study is to look how different types of humour vary across different products and services advertised in magazines. Since it is generally believed that the best media suited to the use of humour are radio and TV, lots of studies exploring the use of humour and its effectiveness were conducted mostly in this field. Therefore this thesis is focused on the advertisements presented in print media and does not feature ads that appear on the television, radio, internet, and cinema. There has always been a great debate over whether humorous print advertisements work and of course there is no need to say that they do. We just have to remember that humour print invol ves a more intimate relationship. Graham Warsop, the only creative director to have judged the big four international advertising awards, once said: Print humour gets someone to smile inwardly rather than outwardly (Aitchison 2004:). This states again that not everybody will laugh at the same things. It should be noted that headline and body copy of an advertisement will not be the crucial means of attraction since most advertisements are humorous only due to the interplay of text and image. The picture often functions as an eye-catcher in the ad whereas its meaning differs from the meaning of the text. Cook considers pictures to be a part of advertising discourse as they are used to convey a central idea in the ad (Cook 2003:6). Thus, both pictures and headlines will be seen as equivalent and will be considered together as their interplay contributes to the overall meaning of the text.  [2]  Advertising in its turn will be seen in the thesis as a communication process. 1.3 Outline As shown in the table of contents, this thesis consists of five chapters. Chapter One is the introduction in which the purpose and the research questions are stated. It starts by providing a background of the subject of the thesis, and then moves on to description of material and methods and ends by introducing the advertising terminology. Chapter Two is dedicated to a more detailed delimitation of the concept of humour, with an overview of the major humour theories which are necessary for introducing the operational definition of humour that will be used in this study. Chapter Three presents humour types. It discusses numerous existing taxonomies of humour types and offers a new classification which subdivides humour types into two main groups: pun based humour vs. non pun humour. The structure of this chapter is centered on this taxonomy with the corresponding analysis of the advertisements. Chapter Four is a research part of the thesis which analyzes the incidence of the identifie d humour types across various products and services and presents the collected empirical data as well as the results and findings. Chapter Five functions as a summing-up in which the research questions are answered and the conclusions are drawn. A bibliography and appendix will conclude the thesis. 1.4 Material and Method As stated above this thesis is focused on the advertisements presented in print media and does not feature ads that appear on the television, radio, internet, and cinema. The selected material consists of a total of sixty two humorous advertisements chosen from the range of around two hundred English-speaking magazines published between the years 2006 and 2010. Popular lifestyle magazines have been mainly used as they are directed toward a general audience and have a high content of ads which advertise a wide range of products and service. I used so wide range of magazines because one and the same ad have been found in numerous magazines as well as in different issues of one and the same magazine. For this thesis I have mainly used such glossy magazines as Cosmopolitan, Marie Claire, In Touch, Chat, OK, In Style, Self, The Economist and some others. No gender issues will be put forward in this thesis as well as no differentiation will be made between humour in British and US magazine s as it would give this thesis a whole new dimension. As a first step in the selection procedure, I looked for any ads that displayed humorous context. The selection was relatively wide as this resulted in around 100 ads which I considered to be humorous. It should be noted that when browsing through numerous magazines it is very difficult to determine whether the ad is humorous or not as certain subjectivity is always involved into the process of decision making. That is why the subjectivity is inevitable. Despite the fact that such procedure of selection is often employed by many researches, I tried to avoid making decisions without consideration of opposing opinions and different points of view. For this purpose one interview was conducted the aim of which was to exclude prevailed subjectivity in my selective procedure and to explore two basic questions: which advertisements will be still considered as humorous according to the interviewees and how they will determine the type of humour in case the ad proves to be humorous. A remark should be made under this point that anyway it will be to a certain degree the so called unilateral decision as in the long run it is me who decided which ads would be included and which would be left out. It is also worth of mentioning that the interview is not the main purpose of this study and that is why its presence in the thesis will be limited by the short description of its procedure and results. Coming back to the interview procedure, it should be noted that the interview was conducted in a small group consisted of twelve participants. The length of the interview was two hours. Around one hundred fifty different ads were presented to the participants chosen on the assumption that all of them were humorous. In order to ensure that the results would not be biased, the participants were not informed about this fact as well they did not know what the study was exactly about. The participants were asked to have a look at each advertisement and to determine whether they consider it to be interesting or boring, creative or not creative and humorous or non-humorous. The two supplement questions besides the question about the presence or absence of humour in the ad were introduced only with the purpose of trying to avoid some potential disadvantages which are directly connected with an interview. This is the so called participant reflexivity, which means that the person being intervi ewed (interviewee) tells the interviewer only what s/he wants to hear. Then, since many people often expect from a humorous ad to make them burst into laughing and such an attitude would bias the results of the interview I decided to ask them to rate (in case they think the advertisement is humorous) how humorous it was on a five-point-scale. Rating an advertisement as 5 meant that they considered it to be very humorous, 3 indicated that it was a moderate representative of humorousness whereas 1 suggested that it was a very poor example of a humorous ad and should be probably excluded from the list. The results drawn after the evaluation of twelve questionnaires were surprisingly consistent. The agreement was particularly high for the identification of the given advertisements to be humorous or non-humorous. As for rating is concerned the results were not similar, better to say they were very inconsistent and that proves again that humour is always being judged individually and subj ectively. After that all the ads were sorted out to determine which ads would be fruitful for a qualitative analysis. The advertisements which were considered by most of the participants as not humorous at all were excluded from the list of candidates for future analysis. 1.5 Advertising terminology No need to say that advertising hat its own terminology. I am not going to list all the terms you can find in the field of advertising. Thus, the terminology will be limited to a few terms which are frequently used in this thesis. I will follow Cooks definitions which he presents in his Discourse of Advertising (2003). According to him Headline Phrase(s) found at the top of an ad. Caption Phrases (s) found in close proximity to an image. Body copy A piece of smaller text, often containing the main (or copy) information. . CHAPTER 2. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 2.1 Introduction As was mentioned in the introduction, humour is by no means homogenous. Since there is no general acceptance in classifying humour, there is no ideal theory of humour which can cover all its factors and embrace all its peculiarities. Most of the existing humour theories are mixed and it seems to be impossible to incorporate such a huge phenomenon as humour into a single integrated theory. As a starting point it can be asserted that humour is triggered by particular mechanisms (Spotts, 1987). Spotts states that these mechanisms can be grouped into three main categories: the cognitive theory, superiority theory, and the relief theory (Spotts et al. 1997:20). The chapter that follows is dedicated to some of the main threads of the theories of humour that have emerged although it is important to notice that not all humour theories ever proposed will be presented in it and it will not be attempted to make a comprehensive survey of all these ideas. Only those theories will be discussed which play a significant role for working out an operational definition of humour for this thesis. 2.2 Incongruity and Incongruity-Resolution Theory Incongruity can be called in other words inconsistency or contradiction. The incongruity theory goes back to Francis Hutchesons Reflections Upon Laughter published in 1750. Later on it was revisited and represented by Kant, Schopenhauer and Kierkegaard. Incongruity theories are considered to be cognitive in their nature. This is the group of theories which dominates humour research. According to McGhee (1979) humour is as reaction to incongruity and he defined incongruity as the relationship between components of an object, event, idea, social expectation and so forth. When the arrangement for the constituent element of an event is incompatible with the normal or expected pattern, the event is perceived as incongruous. The existing theories of incongruity have a difference based on the question whether incongruity is a necessary condition for humour to be produced and if yes, whether it is sufficient or probably there are other conditions needed to cause humour. Based on this fact tw o schools of thought about incongruity theories appeared: the so called one-stage incongruity theories and two-stage incongruity-resolution theories. One-stage incongruity theorists like many representatives of some psychological theories propose that we often laugh when we see or hear something unexpected. In terms of this theory it can be said that we cognitively process (or think about) the message in a single stage that includes three parts interruption (whats that?), perceptual contrast (theres something incongruous and unexpected here!), and playful confusion (whats it mean) (Speck, 1987:7). Other theorists like Jerry Suls and Thomas Schultz, the opponents of the two-stage incongruity resolution theory, postulate that it is not sufficient for a message to be funny by itself and they insist on the overlapping of meanings of the incongruous parts and on the presence of a second stage, namely the resolution of the incongruity. Incongruity becomes stronger only when it follows a resolution process and is understood and accepted by its audience (Gulas and Weinberger 2006: 23à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 26). Attardo considered incongruity theories to be cognitive in their nature and were often associated with linguistic theories of humour. To summarize the ideas, it can be added that incongruity theory is based on the idea of a contrast between two overlapping scripts whereas incongruity-resolution theory requires the presence of two stages: incongruity as derivation from expectation and incongruity understood in resolution which in its turn results in amusement. Incongruity is seen by many researches as a humour type. I prefer to see it as a condition needed to produce humour. 2.3 Superiority Theory The second branch of the main humour theories is presented by theories of superiority. These theories have gone by lots of names such as disparagement, criticism, hostility, aggression, malice, degradation, and derision. This group of humour theories is based on the ideas of Aristotle, Quintillian, Plato, and later Thomas Hobbes (seventeenth century) and it is directly connected with the social function of humour which cannot be said about the incongruity theories which consider humour as an individual phenomenon. Superiority theory is a theory of mockery. In terms of this theory humour is pointed against something or somebody thus making us to believe that something or somebody is superior to somebody else. In other words we laugh from feelings of superiority over other people, from suddaine Glory arising from suddaine Conception of some Eminency in our selves, by Comparison with the Infirmityes of others, or with our owne formerly (Critcheley, 2002: 3). It is suggested that people joke about things that make them feel unsure and/or uncomfortable as a way of releasing feelings of tensions (Gulas and Weinberger 2006: 28). 2.4 Release Theories Release theories as well as superiority theories have numerous names such as arousal theory  [3]  , freedom theory  [4]  , and tension-release theory  [5]  . This group of theories describes how people respond emotionally to humour. It was put forward by Herbert Spencer in the nineteenth century but it was better explained and thus it is better known from Freuds analysis of humorous utterances given in his book Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious (1905). Freud proposed that jokes provide us with a release from the constant need to repress our natural aggressive and sexual desires, and are thus experienced as pleasurable. Like dreams, jokes come from the unconscious, bur are first transformed into less explicit forms, thereby providing a socially acceptable way of breaking taboos (Ventola, Guijarro 2009: 79). The release theory has rather to do with the physiological function of humour. It is based on the notion of homeostasis, which means that humans regulate their inner environment on the physiological level in order to ensure certain stability in response to strain, tension, and anxiety. Morreall (1983) talks about the biological function of laughter and insists on the possibility of coexistence of relief theory with other theories discussed above: incongruity (relief through resolution) and superiority (relief through triumph.  [6]   2.5 Linguistic Theories of Humour Since all the existing theories of humour are based on the notion of incongruity there is no theory about which it can be definitely said that it is a purely linguistic one. Linguistic in this case is rather a conditional name. Nevertheless, the first step into this direction was put forward by Raskin, who suggested a script-based semantic theory developed for verbal humour. Viktor Raskins Script-Based Semantic Theory of Humour was presented in his book Semantic Mechanisms of Humor (1985) which was a great contribution to all of the humour theories ever proposed and a first attempt to describe humour from a linguistic perspective. Raskin set his goal as following: Ideally, a linguistic theory of humour should determine and formulate and the necessary and sufficient linguistic conditions for the text to be funny (Raskin, 1985: 47). The script-based semantic theory of humour was designed as a neutral theory which takes in account all the three theories discussed above. According to Raskins theory, verbal or written communication is considered to be a joke if the text is fully compatible with two different but at the same time opposite scripts. Script in this case presents a large chunk of semantic information. This is the main hypothesis of his theory: A text can be characterized as a single-joke-carrying text if both of the conditions are satisfied. i) Th e text is compatible, fully or in part, with two different scripts ii) The two scripts with which the text is compatible are opposite in a special sense (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦). The two scripts with which the text is compatible are said to overlap fully or in part on this text (Raskin 1985: 99). Raskin introduces the notion of the trigger or a punch-line, which switches the listener from one script to another thus creating the joke (Raskin, 1985: 36). Raskins theory can be interpreted within the terms of incongruity ­-resolution school of humour. Although his theory was primarily developed for verbal humour it proves to be effective for many types of humorous advertising, both for verbal and for visual. It should be noted that there is also a revisited version of the SSTH called The General Theory of Verbal Humour (GTVH). This theory was a result of collaboration of Raskin and Attardo. The main aim of the GTVH was to broaden the scope of Raskins SSTH in order to apply it to any humorous text.  [7]  Attardo comments about it as following: Whereas the SSTH was a semantic theory of humor, the GTVH is a linguistic theory at large that is, it includes other areas of linguistics as well, including, most notably, textual linguistics, the theory of narrativity, and pragmatics (Attardo 1994: 222). Attardo postulates that resolution does not exclude the presence of incongruity; they coexist and accompany each other so that any humorous text will contain an element of incongruity and an element of resolution (Attardo 1994: 144). 2.5.2 Operational Definition An operational definition of humour will have to encompass all the above listed theories as all of them are important for the analysis of the advertisements in this thesis. Under this point I would fully agree with Raskin when he said that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the incongruity-based theories make a statement about the stimulus; the superiority theories characterize the relations or attitudes between the speaker and the hearer; and the release/relief theories comment on the feelings and psychology of the hearer only. (Raskin 1985: 40) The operational definition of a humorous advertisement will be worked out in terms of Raskins SSTH. The question arises why no I do not follow the GTVH. There are reasons for that. First, the GTVH adopted the main hypothesis of the SSTH. Second, the broadenings introduced, are not of much importance for a current analysis. The third reason is that the GTVH is still under development and not all the problematic issues have been resolved yet. So the advertisement will be considered to be humorous if it fulfills the following conditions: the advertisement has two overlapping scripts which cause the incongruity these two scripts are in the opposite relation to each other. The first condition alone would not be enough for the advertisement to be humorous as the overlapping of two scripts may have a non-funny text as a result as well. CHAPTER 3. HUMOUR TYPES 3.1 Introduction Since there is no universal definition of humour, there are many ways to classify it and there is no universally accepted classification of humour types. Taxonomies of humour types are very different and not homogeneous. There have been many attempts to classify humour according to different criteria. Kelly and Solomon (1975), for example, classified humour according to techniques used in order to produce humorous effect and presented seven types such as a pun, an understatement, a joke, something ludicrous, satire, irony and humorous intent whereas Goldstein and McGhee talked about three types: nonsense, sexual and aggressive. An overview of some main classifications is presented in Table 2  [8]  , which proves the fact that the typologies of humour types are diverse and mixed as well as terminology used for different types of humour: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Raskin) The classification of humour types presented in this thesis is based on the taxonomy offered by Catanescu and Tom (2001) which in its turn used Reicks practitioner-oriented classification system as a basis. Catanescu and Tom adopted five types from this classification and added two new types which resulted in seven following humour types: comparison, personification, exaggeration, pun, sarcasm, silliness, and surprise. As the study they conducted was not only devoted to homour in print advertising, not all humour types presented in their taxonomy could be included into classification for this thesis. Thus, such category as surprise had to be left out despite several examples of using this technique in a print advertisement which could be found during the analysis of selected material. The reason for that was the fact that the operational definition did not work with this humour type as some other mechanisms were involved in such advertisements which were beyond the current analysis. To avoid the mixture of devices, types and techniques about which Raskin spoke, all these types were divided into two main categories, namely pun humour and non-pun humour each of them was subdivided into several sub categories. In such a way polysemy, homonymy, nonce-formations and idiomatic expressions fell under the category of pun humour and such types as comparison, personification, exaggeration, sarcasm and silliness under the category of non-pun humour correspondently. The goals of this chapter are: a) to introduce some definitions of a pun to frame the discussion, b) to give an insight into some types of pun taxonomies, c) to develop pun taxonomy for the current analysis and to describe the nature of the linguistic phenomena involved in puns illustrating it with the help of gathered material, d) to offer a taxonomy of non-pun humour taking into account the occurrence of each type in the advertisements collected from the magazines. 3.2 Oh! Thats a pun and I didnt mean it  [9]   Before talking about pun-based humour it seems to be of great importance to determine what will be understood under pun. Puns are said to be the most common basis for humour.  [10]  The management of humorous language is largely a matter of devising transfers the transfer from set to set, from scale to scale, from layer to layer, until the happy conclusion of a double vision is achieved. At the heart of this process of continual and multiple transference, an important process aping the shiftiness of thought itself, is the apparently frivolous device of pun; word-play is the lure, the spinning toy that draws up the lurking and fishy meaning. We take punning for a tawdry and facetious thing, one of the less profound forms of humour, but that is the prejudice of our time; a pun may be profoundly serious, or charged with pathos (Nash 1985: 137). As mentioned in the introduction, my supposition is that pun is the type of humour which most often occurs in print advertising despite qui te the opposite points of view when puns were criticized for their frustrating ambiguity and for representing a simple and less sophisticated form of humour. That is why many advertisers prefer not to include puns into advertisements believing that they have a low intellectual status. Nash defends the pun against such accusations offering his own list of puns and insisting on the fact that puns are common in the language of journalism (Nash 1985: 137). Sherzer provides another argument in defense of puns in advertising stating that puns are higly appropriate for advertising as they deliver two meanings for the price of one (Sherzer 1985). The same opinion shares Redfern: Advertising space is costly. Economy is essential, and puns are highly economical (two meanings for the price of one word or phrase), and in fact much more of a labour-saving device than many of the products they seek to promote. (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) Since the fundamental message of all advertising is known to everyone in advance, there is a need for diversification. Wordplay, with its distortions, bifurcations and re-creations, introduces variety and refreshment into saturation. Puns, the devious ones, are a way round those rather stuffy rules of the advertising watchdogs: adverts should be legal, decent and true. A recipe for mass-producted boredom. The words of adverts are double-talk, necessarily. If adverts told only the verifiable truth, they would be pedantic and tedious. And so they have to approximate; they have to say one thing and suggest another. Obliqueness is all. So why not make a virtue out of necessity, and a silk purse out of a sows ear? (Redfern 1982: 130-131). Redfern asserts that puns are well suited for advertising as they are usually delivered with the requisite ambivalent mixture of false apology and only too real aggression (Redfern 1982:275). Definitions of pun as well as definitions of humour vary greatly from researcher to researcher. Freud considered puns to be the lowest form calling them cheapest stating that they can be formed with the least effort.  [11]  Walter Redfern (1984) devoted a whole book to pun in which he said that pun can make an individual. (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) It can ruin lazy expectations; subvert the nature of language and thought (Redfern 1984: ). Sherzer defined it as a form of speech play in which a word or phrase unexpectedly and simultaneously combines two unrelated meanings (Sherzer 1978: 336). This the point (the presence of two senses) on which all linguistic and non-linguistic analyses agree. Following the rules of the incongruity-resolution theory a phenomenon of pun can be defined as two meanings incongruously combined in one and the same sentence. These two meanings cause ambiguity due to which a conflict arises between the two senses which is subsequently resolved by the surprising punchline (Ross 1998:8). Following the operational definition of a humorous advertisement, a pun-based humorous ad has to fulfill the following conditions: two meanings have to be semantically incompatible, i.e. opposed. This is the so called deliberate ambiguity in a pun which creates the incongruity. Then it must be followed by resolution leading to humorous interpretation. 3.3 Pun taxonomy There are numerous taxonomies of puns witch essentially differ from each other. Attardo criticized these taxonomies and attempts to explain the phenomenon of pun through its taxonomy. He tried to build the taxonomy of the taxonomies and distinguished four major types of pun classifications, namely: taxonomies by linguistic phenomenon, by linguistic structure, by phonemic distance, and eclectic (Attardo 1994: 112). Tanaka distinguished four categories of puns in advertising: nonsense puns, contextual puns, puns with sexual innuendo, and puns with two communicated meanings (Tanaka 1994: 64-80). I will keep to taxonomy based on linguistic phenomena as it is the most relevant one for this thesis. Taxonomies based o

Crito Analysis Essay

Rhetorical Question: â€Å"But my dear Crito, why should we pay so much attention to what ‘most people’ think? The reasonable people, who have more claim to be considered, will believe that the facts are exactly as they are† (906). Personification: â€Å"’Consider then, Socrates,’ the Laws would probably continue, ‘whether it is also true for us to say that what you are trying to do to us is not right†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬  (913). Plato’s â€Å"Crito† is one of the many tremendously influential pieces of literature produced in ancient Greece. It is a thought-provoking, philosophical discussion regarding the role of the individual within society, and how to treat injustice. As part of a series of imaginary dialogues between Socrates and other characters, â€Å"Crito† deals with the conflict Socrates is presented with, as he awaits execution. Crito, one of Socrates’ close friends, urges Socrates to escape prison while he still can. Crito offers several arguments to justify his escape, including the shame he would endure from the public for letting his friend die, and the poor example it would set for the children of Athens. However, Socrates carefully analyzes each of Crito’s arguments for escaping, and proves them invalid through logic and deductive reasoning. The passage, â€Å"But my dear Crito, why should we pay so much attention to what ‘most people’ think? T he reasonable people, who have more claim to be considered, will believe that the facts are exactly as they are† (906), demonstrates the method that Socrates uses to persuade. Socrates asks a rhetorical question to expose the silliness of the Crito’s worries. It represents the wisdom and morals of Socrates. Crito’s strongest argument is that Socrates would be promoting injustice by accepting his unfair sentence. However, Socrates disproves this point as well, by reasoning that he would be harming the Law by escaping death. Socrates, who has tried to live his life as justly and peacefully as possible, would be breaking every moral he ever lived by if he chose to turn against the law. He regards the Law higher than his own life. He sees the Law as a father to him; it has raised him, educated him, and allowed him to live a comfortable life. No matter how much he disagrees with its ways, he cannot bring himself to disobey it. Throughout Socrates’ discussions, he often has conversations with himself and the â€Å"Law†. Plato personifies the â€Å"Law† by giving it human-like qualities and speech; it is suggested that the Law can be hurt, and angry. He does this to distinguish it as a character that has feelings. For example, â€Å"’†¦you will leave this place, when you do, as the victim of a wrong done not by us, the Laws, but by your fellow men. But if you leave in that dishonorable way, returning wrong from wrong, and evil for evil, breaking your agreements with us, and injuring those whom you least ought to injure – yourself, your country, and us ,- then you will face our anger†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (916), demonstrates the authority of the Law. Socrates suggests it is better to die a victim who has lived justly and killed unjustly, than to return the injustice and hurt the Laws. He states, â€Å"†¦it is never right to do a wrong or return a wrong or defend one†™s self against injury by retaliation† (911), which exemplifies the belief that injustice cannot be treated with injustice. Socrates mentions an agreement being broken in this passage; this alludes to the belief that there is a social contract between the individual and government. Socrates reasons that when a citizen lives in Athens, he is indirectly supporting the laws and abiding them. The individual has a moral obligation to the government. While it is beneficial to challenge the government under some circumstances, one threatens the foundation of a stable society by breaking its laws. Socrates, who has lived 70 years of Athenian life, is content by living in accordance with this contract. He feels a state simply cannot exist if laws have no power. He firmly believes in the importance of strict laws, as he calls them the most precious achievement of human history. Besides, he reasons that a man of his age, with little life left to live, would lose his reputation by †Å"clinging so greedily to life, at the price of violating the most stringent laws† (915). For all these reasons, â€Å"Crito† remains an influential piece that poses big questions and promotes critical thinking.

Creative story Essay

What is creative story? In general, creative story is writing which expresses the writer’s thoughts and feelings in an imaginative way. The key elements of a creative story include characters, theme, setting, plot, structure, complication, crisis, and resolution. Characters are tour guides who lead the readers into the fantastic world created by the writer and theme is what the writer wants to show to the readers. Setting is important in making the story â€Å"real† and creating the atmosphere. Plot is something that happens to the characters and structure shows how the writer develops the story. Complication and crisis make the story tenser and more interesting. Resolution ends up the story. To write a creative story, I will follow the four stages of writing. First, I will write an attention-catching opening to introduce the characters, location and setting. Followed by, I will build up tension and conflicts to make the story more exciting. Then, the story reaches its climax. Finally, the characters sort out the problem and the story comes to an end. In the writing, I will use figurative language like similes, metaphors, personification and hyperbole. These can make my story alive and help the reader visualize a clearer image by comparing it to something that they are familiar with. I think it’s important to â€Å"think out of the border† when writing a creative story. Everything can happen in a creative story like an alien attacks people or a school suddenly disappears. Moreover, I will enjoy the process of writing and express my thoughts and feelings to the readers through my story.

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